Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Intellectual challenges encompass neurodevelopmental conditions that impact two crucial areas: cognitive functioning, which involves learning, problem-solving, and judgment, and adaptive functioning, which includes communication skills and social participation in daily activities. These challenges typically manifest early in the developmental period, often before the age of 18, hindering the acquisition of knowledge and skills necessary for independent living and social integration. Various neurodevelopmental conditions contribute to these intellectual and adaptive deficits, affecting educational attainment and overall social functioning.

Specific Developmental Disorder of Scholastic Skills (SDDSS), commonly known as Specific Learning Disability (SLD), is a developmental condition that impacts a child's academic performance, as well as their fine and gross motor skills. These challenges can hinder a child's ability to excel in various educational tasks. Additionally, some children may face scholastic difficulties even without an underlying diagnosis, possibly due to factors such as limited exposure, lifestyle choices, or insufficient time spent engaging in activities that promote learning and development.

Down syndrome, a genetic disorder resulting from abnormal cell division of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), leads to developmental and intellectual delays due to the presence of an extra chromosome. This condition presents with distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, and developmental delays, and may also be linked with thyroid or heart disease. Additionally, multisystem involvement can occur. Down syndrome manifests in three forms: trisomy 21, translocation, and mosaicism, with trisomy 21 constituting the majority, accounting for 95% of known cases.

Hearing impairment refers to the inability to fully perceive sounds through the ears, and it can either fluctuate or be permanent. The degree of loss may range from mild hearing difficulties to complete deafness. Hearing loss can be categorized as either conductive or sensorineural. On the other hand, speech impairment, also known as communication disorder or voice disorder, involves difficulty in articulating sounds. Speech impairments vary widely, ranging from occasional difficulties in sound production to an inability to produce any sound at all.

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that significantly disrupts functioning and development. Inattention manifests as difficulty staying focused, maintaining attention on tasks, and organizing activities, independent of defiance or comprehension issues. Hyperactivity involves excessive movement, restlessness, or fidgeting, even in inappropriate settings. In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness or excessive talking. Impulsivity entails acting without forethought or struggling with self-control, often leading to impulsive actions or a preference for immediate rewards over delayed gratification.

A physical disability refers to a significant and enduring restriction that impacts a person's mobility, physical capabilities, stamina, or agility. Such limitations can be temporary or permanent and may arise from various causes, including genetic disorders, injuries, or specific medical conditions. Conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Chronic Arthritis, Cerebral Palsy, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Spina Bifida, Loss of limbs, and Spinal Cord Injury are examples of physical disabilities that can profoundly affect an individual's daily life and functioning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental condition that profoundly impacts individuals' abilities to interact with others, communicate effectively, learn, and regulate their behavior. While ASD can be identified at any stage of life, it is categorized as a 'developmental disorder' as symptoms typically emerge within the first two years of a person's life. Individuals with ASD commonly experience challenges in communication and social interaction, exhibit restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, and may also struggle with sensory sensitivities.